Non-invasive cardiac testing gives cardiologists valuable information about the heart muscle, arteries, and valves, but sometimes these results are inconclusive or don’t give enough information to guide treatment.

Coronary artery disease rarely “just happens”. Our lifestyle, including diet and exercise, along with genetics, stress, and other health issues such as high blood pressure and diabetes contribute to the progression of heart-related diseases.

One of the biggest misconceptions that I have noted over the years as an interventional cardiologist is that most patients think a heart attack “just happens” – that it appeared out of nowhere. Patients often are surprised to learn that heart disease develops over time.